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Experimentos con transporte a hidrógeno
08.22
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RÍO DE JANEIRO, ago (Tierramérica)
Brasil se colocó a la par de los países
industrializados en la carrera por el uso del hidrógeno, al anunciar el
desarrollo de autobuses públicos movidos por esa fuente de energía limpia. Pero expertos advierten que los nuevos vehículos sólo
tendrán viabilidad comercial a fines de la próxima década o la siguiente.
Cinco autobuses con células de combustible de hidrógeno se pondrán a prueba en
2007 en Sao Paulo y ciudades vecinas. El experimento de cuatro años prevé un
recorrido total de un millón de kilómetros. De aprobarse, se ampliará la flota
a 100 o 200 autobuses.
Un proyecto similar arrancará también el año próximo en Río de Janeiro.
El hidrógeno permite fabricar vehículos menos ruidosos y más duraderos, y es
una opción atractiva frente a la estratosférica alza de los precios del
petróleo y la necesidad de cuidar el ambiente.
El hidrógeno representa "un salto en eficiencia de 20 a 30 por ciento
respecto a los actuales motores a explosión que son ineficientes y sólo
aprovechan un tercio de la energía generada por los combustibles
líquidos", explicó a Tierramérica Jayme Buarque de Hollanda, director
general del Instituto Nacional de Eficiencia Energética (INEE).
El hidrógeno se produce por electrólisis del agua, del gas natural o del
alcohol.
El proyecto de autobuses a hidrógeno en Sao Paulo, que cuenta con el Programa
de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), optó por la electrólisis, la
tecnología más fácil y disponible.
El problema es la inversión inicial. "El prototipo de esos vehículos
cuesta 10 veces el precio de un autobús a diesel", señaló a Tierramérica
Marcio Schettino, coordinador del proyecto, desarrollado por una asociación
entre la Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de Sao Paulo y el
Ministerio de Minas y Energía.
"Serán necesarios cerca de 15 años para que esa tecnología sea competitiva
con los demás vehículos", admitió.
Viabilizar económicamente el hidrógeno exige tiempo. "Su producción (sea a
partir del agua, del gas o del alcohol) es aún muy cara. Además, hay problemas
de transporte y almacenaje, porque el hidrógeno es inflamable y volátil",
señaló Antonio Nunes Junior, presidente de la Asociación Brasileña de Vehículos
Eléctricos (ABVE).
En la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, un proyecto en consorcio con
varias empresas --la estatal Petrobras, varios fabricantes de autobuses e
instituciones científicas-- producirá hidrógeno a partir del gas natural para
abastecer a un autobús que también deberá circular, a partir del próximo año,
cerca de la universidad.
El objetivo de ese proyecto es "desarrollar la tecnología y la
investigación", distinguiéndose del similar de Sao Paulo, volcado a probar
en la práctica los autobuses, destacó Nunes.
De acuerdo con Hollanda, en Brasil no habría gran problema en disponer de
electricidad para la electrólisis, pero también parece prometedor obtener
hidrógeno del etanol, que ya se produce en grandes cantidades en el país y que
tiene gran eficiencia energética e importantes ventajas ambientales.
"La energía limpia no existe", dado que todas las fuentes producen
alguna contaminación, aunque en cantidades y tipos distintos, sentenció
Hollanda, matizando los argumentos que alaban al hidrógeno como fuente de
"contaminación cero".
"Lo que hay que hacer es buscar la que afecta menos al ambiente y la
solución más adecuada en cada lugar", señaló.
Por ahora, frente a la incertidumbre en torno al hidrógeno, Brasil apuesta a
los vehículos eléctricos híbridos (VEH).
Esa tecnología, usada en 43 autobuses que ya circulan en la Gran Sao Paulo,
combina la generación de electricidad a partir de un combustible y baterías que
acumulan la energía no consumida en algunos momentos y aprovechada en otros,
cuando se exige más potencia, como las subidas.
El VEH sirve a la transición, ya que "no está claro el horizonte del
hidrógeno", dijo Nunes. Puede usar diesel, gasolina, gas natural o etanol,
manteniendo sus ventajas ambientales y el ahorro de combustibles, además de
tener una vida útil mucho más larga. Un motor eléctrico puede rodar 1,5
millones de kilómetros, mientras los convencionales empiezan a presentar
problemas con 10 veces menos rodamiento, arguyó.
Pero los autobuses eléctricos híbridos cuestan de 30 a 40 por ciento más que
los impulsados a diesel, reconoció Nunes. Ese costo de adquisición se podría
compensar a largo plazo, ahorrando en combustible, frenos y otros rubros, y vía
estímulos oficiales.
Mayores restricciones ambientales, como ocurre en algunas partes de Estados
Unidos, así como políticas de gobierno para el transporte público, podrían
estimular el cambio de la base tecnológica, opinó Nunes. A partir de cierta
escala, que abarataría los VEH, esa alternativa se tornaría competitiva, superando
limitaciones del mercado.
* El autor es corresponsal de IPS. Este artículo fue publicado originalmente el
19 de agosto por la red latinoamericana de Tierramérica. (FIN/2006)
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Dylan says modern recordings "atrocious"
08.22
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LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Bob Dylan says the quality of modern recordings is "atrocious," and even the songs on his new album sounded much better in the studio than on disc. "I don't know anybody who's made a record that sounds decent in the past 20 years, really," the 65-year-old rocker said in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine. Dylan, who released eight studio albums in the past two decades, returns with his first recording in five years, "Modern Times," next Tuesday. Noting the music industry's complaints that illegal downloading means people are getting their music for free, he said, "Well, why not? It ain't worth nothing anyway." "You listen to these modern records, they're atrocious, they have sound all over them," he added. "There's no definition of nothing, no vocal, no nothing, just like ... static." Dylan said he does his best to fight technology, but it's a losing battle. "Even these songs probably sounded ten times better in the studio when we recorded 'em. CDs are small. There's no stature to it."
© Reuters 2006. All Rights Reserved.
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Powerful Typhoon Kills 83 in China
08.11
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By JOE McDONALD Associated Press Writer BEIJING The most powerful typhoon to hit China in five decades raged across its southeastern coast Thursday, claiming at least 83 lives as it capsized ships, destroyed buildings and forced 1.5 million people from their homes. Typhoon Saomai, with winds up to 135 mph, made landfall at the town of Mazhan in coastal Zhejiang province, the Xinhua News Agency said, citing weather officials. The death toll was put at two Thursday as the storm raged, but it quickly rose Friday with recovery efforts under way and had reached 111 by midday, according to Xinhua. Xinhua sent separate reports with fatality tolls totaling 111 but later put the overall number of deaths at 83. It said 81 were in the city of Wenzhou in Zhejiang province, including 43 people in suburban Cangnan County. An official of the Ministry of Civil Affairs confirmed that the official death toll was 83. He would give only his surname, Li. Officials said at least 80 people were injured across the region. The typhoon was also blamed for at least two deaths in the Philippines earlier. Torrential rains were forecast in the next three days as the typhoon churned inland across crowded areas where Tropical Storm Bilis killed more than 600 people last month. Eight Taiwanese sailors were missing after two ships capsized in a harbor in Fujian, while four Chinese were missing after their ship struck a reef, the agency reported. Seven others were reported missing in the Philippines after giant waves and heavy rains generated by the typhoon battered coastal villages, officials said. Saomai, dubbed a "super typhoon" by Chinese forecasters due to its huge size and high wind speeds, was the eighth major storm of this year's unusually violent typhoon season. Saomai was the most powerful typhoon to hit China since the founding of the communist government in Xinhua said, citing the Zhejiang provincial weather bureau. Before the storm's arrival, 990,000 people were evacuated from flood- prone areas of Zhejiang and 569,000 from the neighboring coastal province of Fujian, Xinhua said. It said a total of 70,000 ships had returned to port in the two provinces. The area is about 950 miles south of Beijing, the Chinese capital, which was not affected by the storm. In the Philippines, more than 200 houses built on stilts were destroyed and a child was killed and another was reported missing as waves up to 10 feet tall ravaged the coast of Bongao, the capital of southern Tawi-Tawi province, before dawn Wednesday, provincial Gov. Sadikul Sahali said. "There is floating debris everywhere," Sahali said. At least six members of a family also were reported missing after their house was buried in a landslide on Sarangani island, part of southern Davao del Sur province, the Office of Civil Defense said. Elsewhere, a man was killed as big waves washed away about 200 shanties in seaside villages in Talisay city on central Cebu island early Wednesday, the civil defense office said. Saomai, named for the Vietnamese word for the planet Venus, passed across Japan's Okinawa island group on Wednesday with winds up to 89 mph, prompting airlines to cancel 141 flights and affecting 24,000 passengers. China's weather bureau had forecast unusually heavy typhoon action this summer, saying warmer than normal Pacific currents and weather patterns over Tibet would create bigger storms and draw them farther inland. Bilis triggered flooding and landslides as far inland as Hunan province, hundreds of miles from the coast. Most of the deaths happened in areas away from coastal communities that have elaborate dike networks and a long history of evacuating flood-prone areas. Typhoon Prapiroon lashed China's southern coast last week, killing at least 80 people in floods and landslides in Guangdong province and neighboring Guangxi. Even as Saomai stormed ashore, Chinese forecasters were already closely watching Tropical Storm Bopha, which trailed behind it farther out in the Pacific. Bopha was about 110 miles southeast of Guangdong late Thursday and moving west with winds of 29 mph, according to the Hong Kong Observatory.  Copyright 2006 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Cuba warns on pirate TV
08.10
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By Anthony Boadle HAVANA (Reuters) - Cuba's government signaled a crackdown on Wednesday on black-market satellite dishes on which its citizens get news from the United States, nine days after ailing President Fidel Castro temporarily ceded power to his brother. The Communist Party newspaper Granma warned that the dishes, on which many Cubans receive Spanish-language TV programs from the exile bastion of Miami, could be used by the U.S. government to broadcast subversive information. "They are fertile ground for those who want to carry out the Bush administration's plan to destroy the Cuban revolution," said the newspaper, the official voice of the government. Such articles in Granma usually signal that action can be expected. Since Castro provisionally relinquished power to his brother Raul Castro on July 31 after undergoing stomach surgery, Cubans have been anxious for information. Some had expected word from former Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega, who arrived in Havana on Saturday to visit his old ally, but he shed no light to reporters on Wednesday. U.S.-funded TV and Radio Marti, not available on commercial satellite, have pumped up their output of anti-Castro programming, but few Cubans are believed to have access to them because of successful jamming by the Cuban government. But there may be as many as 10,000 illegal TV satellite dishes in Cuba, each one linked to perhaps hundreds of televisions by cables their owners snake over rooftops and between buildings, charging other users $10 a month. Many who get black-market U.S. television watched with astonishment as exiles in Miami danced in the streets when they heard on July 31 that Fidel Castro had undergone surgery and handed over power. Castro's communist Cuba is widely viewed in Miami as an authoritarian prison where dissent and economic freedom are brutally quashed. Castro's supporters view him as a champion of social justice and national pride for standing up to Washington for more than four decades. STILL UNSEEN Cuban officials say Castro, who will be 80 on Sunday, is recovering and should be back in charge within weeks. But neither he nor his brother has been seen. Nicaragua's Ortega, whose Sandinista government was backed by Cuba in a civil war against U.S.-backed Contra rebels in the 1980s, declined to say whether he had actually visited Castro or even spoken to him by telephone. Ortega used the news conference to voice support for Havana's campaign to seek the release of five Cubans jailed in the United States for spying on militant anti-Castro groups in Miami, ostensibly to prevent acts of violence against Cuba. "This struggle is led by Fidel. He is accompanying us here," Ortega said. Sources close to the Sandinista party in Managua said Ortega had not been able to see Castro since arriving in Havana on Saturday. The reason was not immediately clear. While Cuban coastal residents have been told to scan the skies for a U.S. invasion that Washington has assured Cubans it will not stage, Cuban authorities continued to organize neighborhood rallies in support of the Castro brothers. http://reuters.myway.com/article/20060809/
2006-08-09T225557Z_01_N01421207_RTRIDST
_0_NEWS-CUBA-DC.html
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Western values 'are causing mental illness'
08.10
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| |  | THE rapid spread of Western business practices in Japan has caused widespread mental illness and is responsible for a deepening demographic crisis, government officials say. Statistics indicate that 60 per cent of workers suffer from "high anxiety" and that 65 per cent of companies report soaring levels of mental illness. Meanwhile, the size of the Japanese population is shrinking, and for the first time the Government has acknowledged that the falling birth rate is linked to job-related factors. Directors of the Japanese Mental Health Institute blame the same factors for rising levels of depression among workers and the country's suicide rate, which remains the highest among rich nations. Merit-based pay and promotion are of particular concern because they are at odds with the traditional system, built on seniority, that has reigned supreme in corporate Japan. In the harsh new atmosphere of cut-throat rivalry between workers, the Institute for Population and Social Security argues, young people do not feel financially stable enough to start families. The trend is put down to Japanese companies' attempts to globalise by adopting working practices more closely in line with US and British models. Larger numbers of temporary staff, a greater willingness to sack people and greater pay disparities are the downside. A spokesman for the Mental Health Institute said that the emphasis on individual performance was driving Japanese workers — particularly those in their thirties — to mental turmoil. "People tend to be individualised under the new working patterns," he said. "When people worked in teams they were happier." | |
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 It's a big-picture site, for big-picture thinkers.
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07.29
Collecting rainwater now illegal in many states as Big Government claims ownership over our water |
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07.25
Meltup is the most important economic documentary ever produced in world history. |
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07.21
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07.21
“Your true traveler finds boredom rather agreeable than painful..... |
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07.10
Chasing the past, I stumbled into the future. |
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07.10
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
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07.10
Begin at the beginning and go on till you come to the end; then stop. |
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07.05
How dumb are we?
Apparently, pretty dumb. |
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07.05
U.S. Territory of P.R. roils from a brutal civil rights showdown unleashed by a far-right wing government, now seemingly hell bent on destroying the recent unprecedented victory of a 2-month strike |
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07.05
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07.05
Move to shut down free speech on the Internet accelerates |
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07.05
The facts on fluoride listed below are fully referenced for anyone doubting the science behind the clear evidence that fluoride in public water supplies, toothpastes etc is detrimental to health. |
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06.30
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06.30
Despite the Israeli government's thorough efforts to confiscate all footage taken during the attack, Iara Lee was able to retain some of her recordings. |
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06.30
If you were looking for a company to take charge of the security on your own systems, would you trust one that was serving malware from its own Web site? Me neither. |
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06.30
Another well-qualified voice is added to the growing dissent in debunking the discredited greenhouse gas theory. |
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06.30
Peaceful demonstrators were being attacked and arrested by police, while the anarchists who provided them with the pretext to do so were nowhere to be seen. |
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06.30
Women arrested by Toronto police were threatened with rape, that numerous women were strip-searched by male officers and others molested by police. |
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06.27
It is becoming increasingly clear that the 'Black Bloc' are undercover police operatives engaged in purposeful provocations to eclipse and invalidate legitimate G20 citizen protest by starting a riot. |
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06.24
If we lose our bees, said Einstein, humans will last about six years. North America is losing its natural pollinators thanks to the Bio-Tech Industries like Monsanto, Dow, Bayer, etc. |
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06.24
The controversy over adding sodium fluoride to water supplies in both the U.S. and the UK is intensifying as two separate stories out of India reveal that children are being blinded and crippled |
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06.15
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05.27
The C.I.A., Columbia, Obama Sedition and Treason Trial (Guilty as charged) |
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05.24
Attorney General Eric Holder has discussed the Arizona law as being unconstitutional and contributing to racial profiling, yet he admits that he has not read it. |
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05.18
Victory gardens emerged during World Wars I and II as a way to minimize demand on an overburdened public food system. |
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05.18
watch it FREE ! |
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05.15
The Two American Farmers Are Right - All Available Hay Should Begin To Move To The Gulf Immediately |
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05.15
They've produced more value in this video than 16,000 bureaucrats and 100,000 contractors. |
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05.07
an apologist or an accessory of crime ? |
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05.04
News Report Video |
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